diff --git a/src/include/midend/IR.h b/src/include/midend/IR.h
index ff30db7..241f28f 100644
--- a/src/include/midend/IR.h
+++ b/src/include/midend/IR.h
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ class Type {
   auto as() const -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of_v<Type, T>, T *> {
     return dynamic_cast<T *>(const_cast<Type *>(this));
   }
+  virtual void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 class PointerType : public Type {
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ class PointerType : public Type {
 
  public:
   Type* getBaseType() const { return baseType; }  ///< 获取指向的类型
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 class FunctionType : public Type {
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ class FunctionType : public Type {
   Type* getReturnType() const { return returnType; }          ///< 获取返回值类信息
   auto getParamTypes() const { return make_range(paramTypes); }        ///< 获取形参类型列表
   unsigned getNumParams() const { return paramTypes.size(); }  ///< 获取形参数量
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 class ArrayType : public Type {
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@ class ArrayType : public Type {
       : Type(Kind::kArray), elementType(elementType), numElements(numElements) {}
   Type *elementType;
   unsigned numElements; // 当前维度的大小
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 /*!
@@ -206,6 +210,7 @@ class Use {
   User* getUser() const { return user; }       ///< 返回使用者
   Value* getValue() const { return value; }    ///< 返回被使用的值
   void setValue(Value *newValue) { value = newValue; }  ///< 将被使用的值设置为newValue
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 //! The base class of all value types
@@ -238,6 +243,7 @@ class Value {
     uses.remove(use); 
   }  ///< 删除使用关系use
   void removeAllUses();
+  virtual void print(std::ostream& os) const = 0;  ///< 输出值信息到输出流
 };
 
 /**
@@ -402,6 +408,7 @@ public:
 
   virtual bool isZero() const = 0;
   virtual bool isOne() const = 0;
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const = 0;
 };
 
 class ConstantInteger : public ConstantValue {
@@ -428,6 +435,7 @@ public:
 
   bool isZero() const override { return constVal == 0; }
   bool isOne() const override { return constVal == 1; }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 class ConstantFloating : public ConstantValue {
@@ -454,6 +462,7 @@ public:
 
   bool isZero() const override { return constFVal == 0.0f; }
   bool isOne() const override { return constFVal == 1.0f; }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 class UndefinedValue : public ConstantValue {
@@ -485,6 +494,7 @@ public:
 
   bool isZero() const override { return false; }
   bool isOne() const override { return false; }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 // --- End of refactored ConstantValue and related classes ---
@@ -625,6 +635,7 @@ public:
     }
   }  ///< 移除指定位置的指令
   iterator moveInst(iterator sourcePos, iterator targetPos, BasicBlock *block);
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const; 
 };
 
 //! User is the abstract base type of `Value` types which use other `Value` as
@@ -736,57 +747,57 @@ public:
   std::string getKindString() const{
     switch (kind) {
       case kInvalid:
-        return "Invalid";
+        return "invalid";
       case kAdd:
-        return "Add";
+        return "add";
       case kSub:
-        return "Sub";
+        return "sub";
       case kMul:
-        return "Mul";
+        return "mul";
       case kDiv:
-        return "Div";
+        return "sdiv";
       case kRem:
-        return "Rem";
+        return "srem";
       case kICmpEQ:
-        return "ICmpEQ";
+        return "icmp eq";
       case kICmpNE:
-        return "ICmpNE";
+        return "icmp ne";
       case kICmpLT:
-        return "ICmpLT";
+        return "icmp slt";
       case kICmpGT:
-        return "ICmpGT";
+        return "icmp sgt";
       case kICmpLE:
-        return "ICmpLE";
+        return "icmp sle";
       case kICmpGE:
-        return "ICmpGE";
+        return "icmp sge";
       case kFAdd:
-        return "FAdd";
+        return "fadd";
       case kFSub:
-        return "FSub";
+        return "fsub";
       case kFMul:
-        return "FMul";
+        return "fmul";
       case kFDiv:
-        return "FDiv";
+        return "fdiv";
       case kFCmpEQ:
-        return "FCmpEQ";
+        return "fcmp oeq";
       case kFCmpNE:
-        return "FCmpNE";
+        return "fcmp one";
       case kFCmpLT:
-        return "FCmpLT";
+        return "fcmp olt";
       case kFCmpGT:
-        return "FCmpGT";
+        return "fcmp ogt";
       case kFCmpLE:
-        return "FCmpLE";
+        return "fcmp ole";
       case kFCmpGE:
-        return "FCmpGE";
+        return "fcmp oge";
       case kAnd:
-        return "And";
+        return "and";
       case kOr:
-        return "Or";
+        return "or";
       case kNeg:
-        return "Neg";
+        return "neg";
       case kNot:
-        return "Not";
+        return "not";
       case kFNeg:
         return "FNeg";
       case kFNot:
@@ -794,27 +805,29 @@ public:
       case kFtoI:
         return "FtoI";
       case kItoF:
-        return "IToF";
+        return "iToF";
       case kCall:
-        return "Call";
+        return "call";
       case kCondBr:
-        return "CondBr";
+        return "condBr";
       case kBr:
-        return "Br";
+        return "br";
       case kReturn:
-        return "Return";
+        return "return";
+      case kUnreachable:
+        return "unreachable";
       case kAlloca:
-        return "Alloca";
+        return "alloca";
       case kLoad:
-        return "Load";
+        return "load";
       case kStore:
-        return "Store";
+        return "store";
       case kGetElementPtr:
-        return "GetElementPtr";
+        return "getElementPtr";
       case kMemset:
-        return "Memset";
+        return "memset";
       case kPhi:
-        return "Phi";
+        return "phi";
       case kBitItoF:
         return "BitItoF";
       case kBitFtoI:
@@ -887,6 +900,7 @@ public:
     static constexpr uint64_t DefineOpMask = kAlloca | kStore | kPhi;
     return (kind & DefineOpMask) != 0U;
   } 
+  virtual void print(std::ostream& os) const = 0;
 }; // class Instruction
 
 class Function;
@@ -957,6 +971,7 @@ class PhiInst : public Instruction {
     }
   }  ///< 刷新块到值的映射关系
   auto getValues() { return make_range(std::next(operand_begin()), operand_end()); }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 
@@ -965,16 +980,20 @@ class CallInst : public Instruction {
   friend class IRBuilder;
 
 protected:
-  CallInst(Function *callee, const std::vector<Value *> &args = {},
-           BasicBlock *parent = nullptr, const std::string &name = "");
-
+  CallInst(Function *callee, const std::vector<Value *> &args, BasicBlock *parent = nullptr, const std::string &name = "")
+    : Instruction(kCall, callee->getReturnType(), parent, name) {
+    addOperand(callee);
+    for (auto arg : args) {
+      addOperand(arg);
+    }
+  }
 
 public:
-  Function* getCallee() const;
+  Function *getCallee() const { return dynamic_cast<Function *>(getOperand(0)); }
   auto getArguments() const {
     return make_range(std::next(operand_begin()), operand_end());
   }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class CallInst
 
 //! Unary instruction, includes '!', '-' and type conversion.
@@ -992,7 +1011,7 @@ protected:
 
 public:
   Value* getOperand() const { return User::getOperand(0); }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class UnaryInst
 
 //! Binary instruction, e.g., arithmatic, relation, logic, etc.
@@ -1071,6 +1090,7 @@ public:
         // 后端处理数组访存操作时需要创建计算地址的指令，需要在外部构造 BinaryInst 对象
         return new BinaryInst(kind, type, lhs, rhs, parent, name);
   }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class BinaryInst
 
 //! The return statement
@@ -1091,6 +1111,7 @@ class ReturnInst : public Instruction {
   Value* getReturnValue() const {
     return hasReturnValue() ? getOperand(0) : nullptr;
   }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 //! Unconditional branch
@@ -1120,7 +1141,7 @@ public:
     }
     return succs;
   }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class UncondBrInst
 
 //! Conditional branch
@@ -1160,7 +1181,7 @@ public:
     }
     return succs;
   }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class CondBrInst
 
 class UnreachableInst : public Instruction {
@@ -1168,7 +1189,7 @@ public:
   // 构造函数：设置指令类型为 kUnreachable
   explicit UnreachableInst(const std::string& name, BasicBlock *parent = nullptr)
       : Instruction(kUnreachable, Type::getVoidType(), parent, "") {}
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const { os << "unreachable"; }
 };
 
 //! Allocate memory for stack variables, used for non-global variable declartion
@@ -1186,7 +1207,7 @@ public:
   Type* getAllocatedType() const {
     return getType()->as<PointerType>()->getBaseType();
   }  ///< 获取分配的类型
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class AllocaInst
 
 
@@ -1224,6 +1245,7 @@ public:
                                     BasicBlock *parent = nullptr, const std::string &name = "") {
     return new GetElementPtrInst(resultType, basePointer, indices, parent, name);
   }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 //! Load a value from memory address specified by a pointer value
@@ -1241,7 +1263,7 @@ protected:
 
 public:
   Value* getPointer() const { return getOperand(0); }
-  
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class LoadInst
 
 //! Store a value to memory address specified by a pointer value
@@ -1260,7 +1282,7 @@ protected:
 public:
   Value* getValue() const { return getOperand(0); }
   Value* getPointer() const { return getOperand(1); }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 }; // class StoreInst
 
 //! Memset instruction
@@ -1290,7 +1312,7 @@ public:
   Value* getBegin() const { return getOperand(1); }
   Value* getSize() const { return getOperand(2); }
   Value* getValue() const { return getOperand(3); }
-
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const override;
 };
 
 class GlobalValue;
@@ -1308,6 +1330,7 @@ public:
 public:
   Function* getParent() const { return func; }
   int getIndex() const { return index; }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 
@@ -1385,6 +1408,7 @@ protected:
     blocks.emplace_front(block);
     return block;
   }
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 //! Global value declared at file scope
@@ -1450,6 +1474,7 @@ public:
     return getByIndex(index);
   }  ///< 通过多维索引indices获取初始值
   const ValueCounter& getInitValues() const { return initValues; } 
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 }; // class GlobalValue
 
 
@@ -1507,6 +1532,8 @@ class ConstantVariable : public Value {
     return getByIndex(index);
   }                                                        ///< 通过多维索引indices获取初始值
   const ValueCounter& getInitValues() const { return initValues; }                           ///< 获取初始值
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
+  void print_init(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 using SymbolTableNode = struct SymbolTableNode {
@@ -1620,6 +1647,8 @@ class Module {
   void leaveScope() { variableTable.leaveScope(); }  ///< 离开作用域
 
   bool isInGlobalArea() const { return variableTable.isInGlobalScope(); }  ///< 是否位于全局作用域
+
+  void print(std::ostream& os) const;
 };
 
 /*!
diff --git a/src/midend/IR.cpp b/src/midend/IR.cpp
index ae676f0..37e1a9a 100644
--- a/src/midend/IR.cpp
+++ b/src/midend/IR.cpp
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 #include <queue>
 #include <set>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <iomanip>
 #include <vector>
 #include "IRBuilder.h"
 
+using namespace std;
 /**
  * @file IR.cpp
  *
@@ -15,6 +17,64 @@
  */
 namespace sysy {
 
+/*相关打印函数*/
+
+template <typename T>
+ostream &interleave(std::ostream &os, const T &container, const std::string sep = ", ") {
+  auto b = container.begin(), e = container.end();
+  if (b == e)
+    return os;
+  os << *b;
+  for (b = std::next(b); b != e; b = std::next(b))
+    os << sep << *b;
+  return os;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+ostream &interleave_call(std::ostream &os, const T &container, const std::string sep = ", ") {
+  auto b = container.begin(), e = container.end();
+  b = std::next(b); // Skip the first element
+  if (b == e)
+    return os;
+  os << *b;
+  for (b = std::next(b); b != e; b = std::next(b))
+    os << sep << *b;
+  return os;
+}
+
+static inline ostream &printVarName(ostream &os, const Value *var)
+{
+  if (dynamic_cast<const GlobalValue*>(var) != nullptr) {
+    auto globalVal = dynamic_cast<const GlobalValue*>(var);
+    return os << "@" << globalVal->getName();
+  } else {
+    return os << "%" << var->getName();
+  }
+}
+static inline ostream &printBlockName(ostream &os, const BasicBlock *block) {
+  return os <<  block->getName();
+}
+static inline ostream &printFunctionName(ostream &os, const Function *fn) {
+  return os << '@' << fn->getName();
+}
+static inline ostream &printOperand(ostream &os, const Value *value) {
+  auto constValue = dynamic_cast<const ConstantValue*>(value);
+  if (constValue != nullptr) {
+    constValue->print(os);
+    return os;
+  }
+  return printVarName(os, value);
+}
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Type& type) {
+  type.print(os);
+  return os;
+}
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Value& value) {
+  value.print(os);
+  return os;
+}
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 // Types
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
@@ -73,6 +133,37 @@ auto Type::getSize() const -> unsigned {
   return 0;
 }
 
+
+void Type::print(ostream &os) const {
+  auto kind = getKind();
+  switch (kind){
+    case kInt:   os << "i32"; break;
+    case kFloat: os << "float"; break;
+    case kVoid:  os << "void"; break;
+    case kPointer:
+      static_cast<const PointerType *>(this)->getBaseType()->print(os);
+      os << "*";
+      break;
+    case kFunction:
+      static_cast<const FunctionType *>(this)->getReturnType()->print(os);
+      os << "(";
+      interleave(os, static_cast<const FunctionType *>(this)->getParamTypes());
+      os << ")";
+      break;
+    case kArray:
+      os << "[";
+      os << static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this)->getNumElements();
+      os << " x ";
+      static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this)->getElementType()->print(os);
+      os << "]";
+      break;
+    case kLabel:
+    default:
+      cerr << "error type\n";
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
 PointerType* PointerType::get(Type *baseType) {
   static std::map<Type *, std::unique_ptr<PointerType>> pointerTypes;
   auto iter = pointerTypes.find(baseType);
@@ -204,6 +295,214 @@ UndefinedValue* UndefinedValue::get(Type* type) {
   return newUndef;
 }
 
+inline std::string getMachineCode(float fval) {
+  uint32_t mrf = *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&fval);
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << std::hex << std::uppercase << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(8) << mrf;
+  return "0x" + ss.str();
+}
+
+void ConstantValue::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  if(dynamic_cast<const ConstantInteger*>(this)) {
+    dynamic_cast<const ConstantInteger*>(this)->print(os);
+  } else if(dynamic_cast<const ConstantFloating*>(this)) {
+    dynamic_cast<const ConstantFloating*>(this)->print(os);
+  } else if(dynamic_cast<const UndefinedValue*>(this)) {
+    dynamic_cast<const UndefinedValue*>(this)->print(os);
+  } else {
+    os << "unknown constant type";
+  }
+}
+
+void ConstantInteger::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "i32 " << this->getInt();
+}
+void ConstantFloating::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "float " << getMachineCode(this->getFloat());
+}
+void UndefinedValue::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << this->getType() << " undef";
+}
+
+void BasicBlock::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  assert(this->getName() != "" && "BasicBlock name cannot be empty");
+  os << "  ";
+  printBlockName(os, this);
+  os << ":\n";
+  for (auto &inst : instructions) {
+    os << "    " << *inst << '\n';
+  }
+}
+
+void PhiInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  printVarName(os, this);
+  os << " = " << getKindString() << " " << *getType() << " ";
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < vsize; ++i) {
+    if (i > 0) {
+      os << ", ";
+    }
+    os << " [";
+    printOperand(os, getIncomingValue(i));
+    os << ", ";
+    printBlockName(os, getIncomingBlock(i));
+    os << "]";
+  }
+}
+
+void CallInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  if(!getType()->isVoid()) {
+    printVarName(os, this) << " = ";
+  }
+  os << getKindString() << *getType() << " " ;
+  printFunctionName(os, getCallee());
+  os << "(";
+  interleave_call(os, getOperands());
+  os << ")";
+}
+
+// 情况比较复杂就不用getkindstring了
+void UnaryInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  printVarName(os, this) << " = ";
+  switch (getKind()) {
+  case kNeg:
+    os << "sub i32 0, ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    break;
+  case kFNeg:
+    os << "fsub float 0.0, ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    break;
+  case kNot:
+    os << "xor " << *getOperand()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    os << ", -1";
+    return;
+  case kFNot:
+    os << "fcmp une " << *getOperand()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    os << ", 0.0";
+    return;
+  case kFtoI:
+    os << "fptosi " << *getOperand()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    os << " to " << *getType();
+    return;
+  case kItoF:
+    os << "sitofp " << *getOperand()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getOperand());
+    os << " to " << *getType();
+    return;
+  default:
+    os << "error unary inst";
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+void AllocaInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  PointerType *ptrType = dynamic_cast<PointerType *>(getType());
+  Type *baseType = ptrType->getBaseType();
+  printVarName(os, this);
+  os <<  " = " << getKindString() << " " << *baseType;
+}
+
+void BinaryInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  printVarName(os, this) << " = ";
+  
+  auto kind = getKind();
+  
+  // 检查是否为比较指令
+  if (kind == kICmpEQ || kind == kICmpNE || kind == kICmpLT || 
+      kind == kICmpGT || kind == kICmpLE || kind == kICmpGE) {
+    // 整数比较指令
+    os << getKindString() << " " << *getLhs()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getLhs());
+    os << ", ";
+    printOperand(os, getRhs());
+  } else if (kind == kFCmpEQ || kind == kFCmpNE || kind == kFCmpLT || 
+             kind == kFCmpGT || kind == kFCmpLE || kind == kFCmpGE) {
+    // 浮点比较指令  
+    os << getKindString() << " " << *getLhs()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getLhs());
+    os << ", ";
+    printOperand(os, getRhs());
+  } else {
+    // 算术和逻辑指令
+    os << getKindString() << " " << *getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getLhs());
+    os << ", ";
+    printOperand(os, getRhs());
+  }
+}
+
+void ReturnInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "ret ";
+  if (hasReturnValue()) {
+    os << *getReturnValue()->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, getReturnValue());
+  } else {
+    os << "void";
+  }
+}
+
+void UncondBrInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "br label %";
+  printBlockName(os, getBlock());
+}
+
+void CondBrInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "br " << *getCondition()->getType() << " ";
+  printOperand(os, getCondition());
+  os << ", label %";
+  printBlockName(os, getThenBlock());
+  os << ", label %";
+  printBlockName(os, getElseBlock());
+}
+
+void GetElementPtrInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  printVarName(os, this) << " = getelementptr ";
+  
+  // 获取基指针的基类型
+  auto basePtr = getBasePointer();
+  auto basePtrType = basePtr->getType()->as<PointerType>();
+  auto baseType = basePtrType->getBaseType();
+  
+  os << *baseType << ", " << *basePtr->getType() << " ";
+  printOperand(os, basePtr);
+  
+  // 打印索引 - 使用getIndex方法而不是getIndices
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < getNumIndices(); ++i) {
+    auto index = getIndex(i);
+    os << ", " << *index->getType() << " ";
+    printOperand(os, index);
+  }
+}
+
+void LoadInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  printVarName(os, this) << " = load " << *getType() << ", " << *getPointer()->getType() << " ";
+  printOperand(os, getPointer());
+}
+
+void MemsetInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "call void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i32(i8* ";
+  printOperand(os, getPointer());
+  os << ", i8 ";
+  printOperand(os, getOperand(3)); // value
+  os << ", i32 ";
+  printOperand(os, getOperand(2)); // size
+  os << ", i1 false)";
+}
+
+void StoreInst::print(std::ostream &os) const {
+  os << "store " << *getValue()->getType() << " ";
+  printOperand(os, getValue());
+  os << ", " << *getPointer()->getType() << " ";
+  printOperand(os, getPointer());
+}
+
+
+
 
 auto Function::getCalleesWithNoExternalAndSelf() -> std::set<Function *> {
   std::set<Function *> result;
@@ -389,17 +688,6 @@ void PhiInst::replaceIncomingBlock(BasicBlock *oldBlock, BasicBlock *newBlock, V
   addIncoming(newValue, newBlock);
 }
 
-CallInst::CallInst(Function *callee, const std::vector<Value *> &args, BasicBlock *parent, const std::string &name)
-    : Instruction(kCall, callee->getReturnType(), parent, name) {
-  addOperand(callee);
-  for (auto arg : args) {
-    addOperand(arg);
-  }
-}
-/**
- * 获取被调用函数的指针
- */
-Function * CallInst::getCallee() const { return dynamic_cast<Function *>(getOperand(0)); }
 
 /**
  * 获取变量指针