Add OpenMP parallelization to Fortran compute kernels

Add !$omp parallel do collapse(2) directives to all triple-loop stencil kernels (fderivs, fdderivs, fdx/fdy/fdz, kodis, lopsided, enforce_ag/enforce_ga) across all ghost_width variants. Add !$omp parallel workshare to RK4/ICN/Euler whole-array update routines. Build system: add -qopenmp to compile and link flags, switch MKL from sequential to threaded (-lmkl_intel_thread -liomp5). Runtime: set OMP_NUM_THREADS=96, OMP_STACKSIZE=16M, OMP_PROC_BIND=close, OMP_PLACES=cores for 96-core server target. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Remove MPI dependency, replace with single-process stub for non-MPI builds
2026-02-10 23:40:17 +08:00 · 2026-02-10 22:51:11 +08:00
57 changed files with 14347 additions and 15347 deletions
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_Input.py
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_Input.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import numpy
 File_directory   = "GW150914"                    ## output file directory
 Output_directory = "binary_output"               ## binary data file directory
                                                 ## The file directory name should not be too long
-MPI_processes    = 64                             ## number of mpi processes used in the simulation
+MPI_processes    = 1                              ## number of processes (MPI removed, single-process mode)

 GPU_Calculation  = "no"                          ## Use GPU or not 
                                                 ## (prefer "no" in the current version, because the GPU part may have bugs when integrated in this Python interface)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_Program.py
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_Program.py
@@ -8,14 +8,6 @@
 ##
 ##################################################################

-## Guard against re-execution by multiprocessing child processes.
-## Without this, using 'spawn' or 'forkserver' context would cause every
-## worker to re-run the entire script, spawning exponentially more
-## workers (fork bomb).
-if __name__ != '__main__':
-    import sys as _sys
-    _sys.exit(0)
-

 ##################################################################

@@ -66,8 +58,7 @@ if os.path.exists(File_directory):
    ## Prompt whether to overwrite the existing directory
    while True:
        try:
-            ## inputvalue = input()
-            inputvalue = "continue"
+            inputvalue = input()
            ## If the user agrees to overwrite, proceed and remove the existing directory
            if ( inputvalue == "continue" ):
                print( " Continue the calculation !!! " )
@@ -433,31 +424,26 @@ print(

 import plot_xiaoqu
 import plot_GW_strain_amplitude_xiaoqu
-from parallel_plot_helper import run_plot_tasks_parallel
-
-plot_tasks = []

 ## Plot black hole trajectory
-plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_orbit_plot,   (binary_results_directory, figure_directory) ) )
-plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_orbit_plot3D, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory) ) )
+plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_orbit_plot(   binary_results_directory, figure_directory )
+plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_orbit_plot3D( binary_results_directory, figure_directory )

 ## Plot black hole separation vs. time
-plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_distence_plot, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory) ) )
+plot_xiaoqu.generate_puncture_distence_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory )

 ## Plot gravitational waveforms (psi4 and strain amplitude)
 for i in range(input_data.Detector_Number):
-    plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_gravitational_wave_psi4_plot, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i) ) )
-    plot_tasks.append( ( plot_GW_strain_amplitude_xiaoqu.generate_gravitational_wave_amplitude_plot, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i) ) )
+    plot_xiaoqu.generate_gravitational_wave_psi4_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i )
+    plot_GW_strain_amplitude_xiaoqu.generate_gravitational_wave_amplitude_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i )

 ## Plot ADM mass evolution
 for i in range(input_data.Detector_Number):
-    plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_ADMmass_plot, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i) ) )
+    plot_xiaoqu.generate_ADMmass_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i )

 ## Plot Hamiltonian constraint violation over time
 for i in range(input_data.grid_level):
-    plot_tasks.append( ( plot_xiaoqu.generate_constraint_check_plot, (binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i) ) )
-
-run_plot_tasks_parallel(plot_tasks)
+    plot_xiaoqu.generate_constraint_check_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory, i )

 ## Plot stored binary data
 plot_xiaoqu.generate_binary_data_plot( binary_results_directory, figure_directory )
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/ABE.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/ABE.C
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <map.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "macrodef.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Ansorg.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Ansorg.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #define PI M_PI

--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Block.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Block.h
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 #ifndef BLOCK_H
 #define BLOCK_H

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif
 #include "macrodef.h" //need dim here; Vertex or Cell
 #include "var.h"
 #include "MyList.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/IntPnts0.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/IntPnts0.C
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <string.h>

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "myglobal.h"

--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/MPatch.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/MPatch.C
@@ -442,6 +442,7 @@ void Patch::Interp_Points(MyList<var> *VarList,
      Bp = Bp->next;
    }
  }
+
  // Replace MPI_Allreduce with per-owner MPI_Bcast:
  // Group consecutive points by owner rank and broadcast each group.
  // Since each point's data is non-zero only on the owner rank,
@@ -506,9 +507,6 @@ void Patch::Interp_Points(MyList<var> *VarList,
  // Targeted point-to-point overload: each owner sends each point only to
  // the one rank that needs it for integration (consumer), reducing
  // communication volume by ~nprocs times compared to the Bcast version.
-  /*
-  double t_calc_end, t_calc_total = 0;
-  double t_calc_start = MPI_Wtime();*/
  int myrank, nprocs;
  MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank);
  MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &nprocs);
@@ -609,15 +607,12 @@ void Patch::Interp_Points(MyList<var> *VarList,
      Bp = Bp->next;
    }
  }
-  /*
-      t_calc_end = MPI_Wtime();
-      t_calc_total = t_calc_end - t_calc_start;*/
+
  // --- Error check for unfound points ---
  for (int j = 0; j < NN; j++)
  {
    if (owner_rank[j] < 0 && myrank == 0)
    {
-      cout<<owner_rank[j-1]<<endl;
      cout << "ERROR: Patch::Interp_Points fails to find point (";
      for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++)
      {
@@ -769,63 +764,6 @@ void Patch::Interp_Points(MyList<var> *VarList,
  delete[] recv_count;
  delete[] consumer_rank;
  delete[] owner_rank;
-  /*
-  // 4. 汇总并输出真正干活最慢的 Top 4
-  struct RankStats {
-    int rank;
-    double calc_time; // 净计算时间
-  };
-
-  // 创建当前进程的统计数据
-  RankStats local_stat;
-  local_stat.rank = myrank;
-  local_stat.calc_time = t_calc_total;
-
-  // 为所有进程的统计数据分配内存
-  RankStats *all_stats = nullptr;
-  if (myrank == 0) {
-    all_stats = new RankStats[nprocs];
-  }
-
-  // 使用MPI_Gather收集所有进程的数据到rank 0
-  MPI_Gather(&local_stat, sizeof(RankStats), MPI_BYTE,
-             all_stats, sizeof(RankStats), MPI_BYTE,
-             0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-
-  // 准备输出前4个rank的信息（所有rank都参与，确保广播后一致）
-  int top10_ranks[10] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 };
-  double top10_times[10] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
-  int num_top10 = 0;
-
-  if (myrank == 0) {
-    // 按 calc_time（净计算时间）排序
-    std::sort(all_stats, all_stats + nprocs, [](const RankStats& a, const RankStats& b) {
-        return a.calc_time > b.calc_time;
-    });
-
-    // 取前4个
-    num_top10 = (nprocs < 10) ? nprocs : 10;
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_top10; i++) {
-      top10_ranks[i] = all_stats[i].rank;
-      top10_times[i] = all_stats[i].calc_time;
-    }
-
-    printf("\n--- Top %d Ranks by ACTIVE COMPUTATION (CPU Time) ---\n", num_top10);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_top10; i++) {
-      printf("Rank [%4d]: Calc %.6f s\n", top10_ranks[i], top10_times[i]);
-    }
-
-    // 清理分配的内存
-    delete[] all_stats;
-  }
-
-  // 广播前4个rank的信息给所有进程
-  MPI_Bcast(&num_top10, 1, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-  if (num_top10 > 0) {
-    MPI_Bcast(top10_ranks, 10, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-    MPI_Bcast(top10_times, 10, MPI_DOUBLE, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-  }
-*/
 }
 void Patch::Interp_Points(MyList<var> *VarList,
                          int NN, double **XX,
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/MPatch.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/MPatch.h
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 #ifndef PATCH_H
 #define PATCH_H

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif
 #include "MyList.h"
 #include "Block.h"
 #include "var.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Newton.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Newton.C
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <float.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "util_Table.h"
 #include "cctk.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/NullShellPatch.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/NullShellPatch.h
@@ -23,8 +23,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <complex.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
-#include <memory.h>
+#endif
 #include "MyList.h"
 #include "Block.h"
 #include "Parallel.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/NullShellPatch2.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/NullShellPatch2.h
@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <complex.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif
 #include "MyList.h"
 #include "Block.h"
 #include "Parallel.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Parallel.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Parallel.C
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Parallel.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Parallel.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <new>
 using namespace std;
-#include <memory.h>
+
 #include "Parallel_bam.h"
 #include "var.h"
 #include "MPatch.h"
@@ -32,25 +32,6 @@ namespace Parallel
  int partition2(int *nxy, int split_size, int *min_width, int cpusize, int *shape); // special for 2 diemnsions
  int partition3(int *nxyz, int split_size, int *min_width, int cpusize, int *shape);
  MyList<Block> *distribute(MyList<Patch> *PatchLIST, int cpusize, int ingfsi, int fngfs, bool periodic, int nodes = 0); // produce corresponding Blocks
-
-  MyList<Block> *distribute_hard(MyList<Patch> *PatchLIST, int cpusize, int ingfsi, int fngfs, bool periodic, int nodes = 0); // produce corresponding Blocks
-  Block* splitHotspotBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim, 
-                                 int ib0_orig, int ib3_orig, 
-                                 int jb1_orig, int jb4_orig, 
-                                 int kb2_orig, int kb5_orig, 
-                                 Patch* PP, int r_1, int r_2, 
-                                 int ingfsi, int fngfsi, bool periodic,
-                                 Block* &split_first_block, Block* &split_last_block);
-
-Block* splitHotspotBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim, 
-                                 int ib0_orig, int ib3_orig, 
-                                 int jb1_orig, int jb4_orig, 
-                                 int kb2_orig, int kb5_orig, 
-                                 Patch* PP, int r_1, int r_2, int r_3, int r_4,
-                                 int ingfsi, int fngfsi, bool periodic,
-                                 Block* &split_first_block, Block* &split_last_block);
-  Block* createMappedBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim, int* shape, double* bbox,
-                        int block_id, int ingfsi, int fngfsi, int lev); 
  void KillBlocks(MyList<Patch> *PatchLIST);

  void setfunction(MyList<Block> *BlL, var *vn, double func(double x, double y, double z));
@@ -116,7 +97,6 @@ Block* splitHotspotBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim,
    MPI_Request *reqs;
    MPI_Status *stats;
    int max_reqs;
-    bool lengths_valid;
    SyncCache();
    void invalidate();
    void destroy();
@@ -149,15 +129,6 @@ Block* splitHotspotBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim,
  void OutBdLow2Himix(MyList<Patch> *PatcL, MyList<Patch> *PatfL,
                      MyList<var> *VarList1 /* source */, MyList<var> *VarList2 /* target */,
                      int Symmetry);
-  void Restrict_cached(MyList<Patch> *PatcL, MyList<Patch> *PatfL,
-                       MyList<var> *VarList1, MyList<var> *VarList2,
-                       int Symmetry, SyncCache &cache);
-  void OutBdLow2Hi_cached(MyList<Patch> *PatcL, MyList<Patch> *PatfL,
-                          MyList<var> *VarList1, MyList<var> *VarList2,
-                          int Symmetry, SyncCache &cache);
-  void OutBdLow2Himix_cached(MyList<Patch> *PatcL, MyList<Patch> *PatfL,
-                             MyList<var> *VarList1, MyList<var> *VarList2,
-                             int Symmetry, SyncCache &cache);
  void Prolong(Patch *Patc, Patch *Patf,
               MyList<var> *VarList1 /* source */, MyList<var> *VarList2 /* target */,
               int Symmetry);
@@ -227,18 +198,6 @@ Block* splitHotspotBlock(MyList<Block>* &BlL, int _dim,
 #if (PSTR == 1 || PSTR == 2 || PSTR == 3)
  MyList<Block> *distribute(MyList<Patch> *PatchLIST, int cpusize, int ingfsi, int fngfsi,
                            bool periodic, int start_rank, int end_rank, int nodes = 0);
-  
-  // Redistribute blocks with time statistics for load balancing
-  MyList<Block> *distribute(MyList<Patch> *PatchLIST, MyList<Block> *OldBlockL,
-                            int cpusize, int ingfsi, int fngfsi,
-                            bool periodic, int start_rank, int end_rank, int nodes = 0);
 #endif
-
-  // Dynamic load balancing: split blocks for heavy ranks
-    void split_heavy_blocks(MyList<Patch> *PatL, int *heavy_ranks, int num_heavy,
-                            int split_factor, int cpusize, int ingfsi, int fngfsi);
-
-    // Check if load balancing is needed based on interpolation times
-    bool check_load_balance_need(double *rank_times, int nprocs, int &num_heavy, int *heavy_ranks);
-  }
-  #endif /*PARALLEL_H */
+}
+#endif /*PARALLEL_H */
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/ShellPatch.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/ShellPatch.h
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 #ifndef SHELLPATCH_H
 #define SHELLPATCH_H

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif
 #include "MyList.h"
 #include "Block.h"
 #include "Parallel.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/Z4c_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/Z4c_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "cgh.h"
 #include "ShellPatch.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssnEM_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssnEM_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "cgh.h"
 #include "ShellPatch.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssnEScalar_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssnEScalar_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "cgh.h"
 #include "ShellPatch.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_class.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_class.C
@@ -5819,11 +5819,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong(int lev, int YN, bool BB,
 #endif

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SynchList_pre,SL,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -5870,11 +5880,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong(int lev, int YN, bool BB,
 #endif

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SL, SL, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SL, SL, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SL,SL,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -5949,11 +5969,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong_aux(int lev, int YN, bool BB,
      Parallel::Sync_cached(GH->PatL[lev - 1], SynchList_pre, Symmetry, sync_cache_rp_coarse[lev]);

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SL, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SynchList_pre,SL,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SL, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -5971,11 +6001,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong_aux(int lev, int YN, bool BB,
      Parallel::Sync_cached(GH->PatL[lev - 1], SL, Symmetry, sync_cache_rp_coarse[lev]);

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SL, SL, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SL, SL, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SL,SL,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SL, SL, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -6036,11 +6076,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong(int lev, int YN, bool BB)
      Parallel::Sync_cached(GH->PatL[lev - 1], SynchList_pre, Symmetry, sync_cache_rp_coarse[lev]);

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SynchList_pre,SynchList_cor,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -6060,11 +6110,21 @@ void bssn_class::RestrictProlong(int lev, int YN, bool BB)
      Parallel::Sync_cached(GH->PatL[lev - 1], StateList, Symmetry, sync_cache_rp_coarse[lev]);

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],StateList,SynchList_cor,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -6101,11 +6161,21 @@ void bssn_class::ProlongRestrict(int lev, int YN, bool BB)
      }

 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],SynchList_pre,SynchList_cor,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], SynchList_pre, SynchList_cor, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
@@ -6114,11 +6184,21 @@ void bssn_class::ProlongRestrict(int lev, int YN, bool BB)
    else // no time refinement levels and for all same time levels
    {
 #if (RPB == 0)
+      Ppc = GH->PatL[lev - 1];
+      while (Ppc)
+      {
+        Pp = GH->PatL[lev];
+        while (Pp)
+        {
 #if (MIXOUTB == 0)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi(Ppc->data, Pp->data, StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #elif (MIXOUTB == 1)
-      Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
+          Parallel::OutBdLow2Himix(Ppc->data, Pp->data, StateList, SynchList_cor, Symmetry);
 #endif
+          Pp = Pp->next;
+        }
+        Ppc = Ppc->next;
+      }
 #elif (RPB == 1)
      //       Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev-1],GH->PatL[lev],StateList,SynchList_cor,Symmetry);
      Parallel::OutBdLow2Hi_bam(GH->PatL[lev - 1], GH->PatL[lev], StateList, SynchList_cor, GH->bdsul[lev], Symmetry);
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "macrodef.h"
 #include "cgh.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_gpu_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_gpu_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "macrodef.h"
 #include "cgh.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_rhs.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/bssn_rhs.f90
@@ -945,60 +945,103 @@
  SSA(2)=SYM
  SSA(3)=ANTI

-!!!!!!!!!advection term + Kreiss-Oliger dissipation (merged for cache efficiency)
-! lopsided_kodis shares the symmetry_bd buffer between advection and
-! dissipation, eliminating redundant full-grid copies. For metric variables
-! gxx/gyy/gzz (=dxx/dyy/dzz+1): kodis stencil coefficients sum to zero,
-! so the constant offset has no effect on dissipation.
+!!!!!!!!!advection term part

-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gxx,gxx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gxy,gxy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,AAS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gxz,gxz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASA,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gyy,gyy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gyz,gyz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAA,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gzz,gzz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gxx,gxx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gxy,gxy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,AAS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gxz,gxz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASA)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gyy,gyy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gyz,gyz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAA)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,gzz,gzz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)

-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axx,Axx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axy,Axy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,AAS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axz,Axz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASA,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayy,Ayy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayz,Ayz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAA,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Azz,Azz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Axx,Axx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Axy,Axy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,AAS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Axz,Axz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASA)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayy,Ayy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayz,Ayz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAA)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Azz,Azz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)

-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,chi,chi_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,trK,trK_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,chi,chi_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,trK,trK_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)

-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamx,Gamx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamy,Gamy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamz,Gamz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA,eps)
-
-#if 1 
-!! bam does not apply dissipation on gauge variables
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Lap,Lap_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS,eps)
-#if (GAUGE == 0 || GAUGE == 1 || GAUGE == 2 || GAUGE == 3 || GAUGE == 4 || GAUGE == 5 || GAUGE == 6 || GAUGE == 7)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betax,betax_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betay,betay_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betaz,betaz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA,eps)
-#endif
-#if (GAUGE == 0 || GAUGE == 2 || GAUGE == 3 || GAUGE == 6 || GAUGE == 7)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfx,dtSfx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfy,dtSfy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS,eps)
-  call lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfz,dtSfz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA,eps)
-#endif
-#else
-! No dissipation on gauge variables (advection only)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamx,Gamx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamy,Gamy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS)
+  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamz,Gamz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA)
+!!
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,Lap,Lap_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSS)
+
 #if (GAUGE == 0 || GAUGE == 1 || GAUGE == 2 || GAUGE == 3 || GAUGE == 4 || GAUGE == 5 || GAUGE == 6 || GAUGE == 7)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,betax,betax_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,betay,betay_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,betaz,betaz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA)
 #endif
+
 #if (GAUGE == 0 || GAUGE == 2 || GAUGE == 3 || GAUGE == 6 || GAUGE == 7)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfx,dtSfx_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,ASS)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfy,dtSfy_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SAS)
  call lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfz,dtSfz_rhs,betax,betay,betaz,Symmetry,SSA)
 #endif
+
+  if(eps>0)then 
+! usual Kreiss-Oliger dissipation      
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,chi,chi_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,trK,trK_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dxx,gxx_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gxy,gxy_rhs,AAS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gxz,gxz_rhs,ASA,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dyy,gyy_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,gyz,gyz_rhs,SAA,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dzz,gzz_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+#if 0
+#define i 42
+#define j 40
+#define k 40
+if(Lev == 1)then
+write(*,*) X(i),Y(j),Z(k)
+write(*,*) "before",Axx_rhs(i,j,k)
+endif
+#undef i
+#undef j
+#undef k
+!!stop
 #endif
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axx,Axx_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+#if 0
+#define i 42
+#define j 40
+#define k 40
+if(Lev == 1)then
+write(*,*) X(i),Y(j),Z(k)
+write(*,*) "after",Axx_rhs(i,j,k)
+endif
+#undef i
+#undef j
+#undef k
+!!stop
+#endif
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axy,Axy_rhs,AAS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Axz,Axz_rhs,ASA,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayy,Ayy_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Ayz,Ayz_rhs,SAA,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Azz,Azz_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamx,Gamx_rhs,ASS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamy,Gamy_rhs,SAS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Gamz,Gamz_rhs,SSA,Symmetry,eps)
+
+#if 1 
+!! bam does not apply dissipation on gauge variables
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,Lap,Lap_rhs,SSS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betax,betax_rhs,ASS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betay,betay_rhs,SAS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,betaz,betaz_rhs,SSA,Symmetry,eps)
+#if (GAUGE == 0 || GAUGE == 2 || GAUGE == 3 || GAUGE == 6 || GAUGE == 7)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfx,dtSfx_rhs,ASS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfy,dtSfy_rhs,SAS,Symmetry,eps)
+  call kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,dtSfz,dtSfz_rhs,SSA,Symmetry,eps)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+  endif

  if(co == 0)then
 ! ham_Res = trR + 2/3 * K^2 - A_ij * A^ij - 16 * PI * rho
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/cgh.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/cgh.C
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <map.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "macrodef.h"
 #include "misc.h"
@@ -43,14 +47,6 @@ cgh::cgh(int ingfsi, int fngfsi, int Symmetry, char *filename, int checkrun,
  end_rank = 0;
 #endif

-  // Initialize load balancing variables
-  enable_load_balance = false;
-  load_balance_check_interval = 10;  // Check every 10 time steps
-  current_time_step = 0;
-  rank_interp_times = nullptr;
-  heavy_ranks = nullptr;
-  num_heavy_ranks = 0;
-
  if (!checkrun)
  {
    read_bbox(Symmetry, filename);
@@ -121,12 +117,6 @@ cgh::~cgh()
    delete[] Porgls[lev];
  }
  delete[] Porgls;
-
-  // Clean up load balancing memory
-  if (rank_interp_times)
-    delete[] rank_interp_times;
-  if (heavy_ranks)
-    delete[] heavy_ranks;
 }

 //================================================================================================
@@ -144,7 +134,7 @@ void cgh::compose_cgh(int nprocs)
  for (int lev = 0; lev < levels; lev++)
  {
    checkPatchList(PatL[lev], false);
-    Parallel::distribute_hard(PatL[lev], nprocs, ingfs, fngfs, false);
+    Parallel::distribute(PatL[lev], nprocs, ingfs, fngfs, false);
 #if (RPB == 1)
    // we need distributed box of PatL[lev] and PatL[lev-1]
    if (lev > 0)
@@ -1719,121 +1709,3 @@ void cgh::settrfls(const int lev)
 {
  trfls = lev;
 }
-
-//================================================================================================
-// Load Balancing Functions
-//================================================================================================
-
-// Initialize load balancing
-void cgh::init_load_balance(int nprocs)
-{
-  if (rank_interp_times)
-    delete[] rank_interp_times;
-  if (heavy_ranks)
-    delete[] heavy_ranks;
-
-  rank_interp_times = new double[nprocs];
-  heavy_ranks = new int[4];  // Maximum 4 heavy ranks
-  num_heavy_ranks = 0;
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < nprocs; i++)
-    rank_interp_times[i] = 0.0;
-}
-
-// Update interpolation time for a rank
-void cgh::update_interp_time(int rank, double time)
-{
-  if (rank_interp_times && rank >= 0)
-  {
-    rank_interp_times[rank] = time;
-  }
-}
-
-// Check and perform load balancing if needed
-bool cgh::check_and_rebalance(int nprocs, int lev,
-                               MyList<var> *OldList, MyList<var> *StateList,
-                               MyList<var> *FutureList, MyList<var> *tmList,
-                               int Symmetry, bool BB)
-{
-  int myrank;
-  MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank);
-
-  // Only check at specified intervals
-  current_time_step++;
-  if (current_time_step % load_balance_check_interval != 0)
-    return false;
-
-  if (myrank == 0)
-  {
-    cout << "\n=== Checking load balance at time step " << current_time_step << " ===" << endl;
-  }
-
-  // Collect all rank times on rank 0
-  double *all_times = nullptr;
-  if (myrank == 0)
-  {
-    all_times = new double[nprocs];
-  }
-
-  MPI_Gather(rank_interp_times, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, all_times, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-
-  bool need_rebalance = false;
-
-  if (myrank == 0)
-  {
-    // Check if load balancing is needed
-    need_rebalance = Parallel::check_load_balance_need(all_times, nprocs, num_heavy_ranks, heavy_ranks);
-
-    if (need_rebalance)
-    {
-      cout << "=== Load imbalance detected! Need to rebalance ===" << endl;
-      cout << "Top " << num_heavy_ranks << " heavy ranks: ";
-      for (int i = 0; i < num_heavy_ranks; i++)
-      {
-        cout << heavy_ranks[i] << " (" << all_times[heavy_ranks[i]] << " s) ";
-      }
-      cout << endl;
-
-      // Analyze blocks that need to be split
-      Parallel::split_heavy_blocks(PatL[lev], heavy_ranks, num_heavy_ranks, 2, nprocs, ingfs, fngfs);
-
-      // Set lev_flag to trigger recompose_cgh
-      cout << "=== Triggering recompose_cgh for level " << lev << " ===" << endl;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      cout << "=== Load is balanced, no rebalancing needed ===" << endl;
-    }
-
-    delete[] all_times;
-  }
-
-  // Broadcast the decision to all ranks
-  MPI_Bcast(&need_rebalance, 1, MPI_C_BOOL, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-
-  if (need_rebalance)
-  {
-    // Broadcast heavy ranks information
-    MPI_Bcast(&num_heavy_ranks, 1, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-    MPI_Bcast(heavy_ranks, num_heavy_ranks, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
-
-    // Perform recompose_cgh on the specified level
-    if (myrank == 0)
-    {
-      cout << "=== Performing recompose_cgh ===" << endl;
-    }
-
-    // Call recompose_cgh_Onelevel for the specified level
-    bool *lev_flag = new bool[1];
-    lev_flag[0] = true;
-    recompose_cgh_Onelevel(nprocs, lev, OldList, StateList, FutureList, tmList, Symmetry, BB);
-    delete[] lev_flag;
-
-    // Reset time counter after rebalancing
-    current_time_step = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/cgh.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/cgh.h
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 #ifndef CGH_H
 #define CGH_H

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif
 #include "MyList.h"
 #include "MPatch.h"
 #include "macrodef.h"
@@ -87,21 +91,6 @@ public:
 #if (PSTR == 1 || PSTR == 2 || PSTR == 3)
   void construct_mylev(int nprocs);
 #endif
-
-   // Load balancing support
-   bool enable_load_balance;         // Enable load balancing
-   int load_balance_check_interval;  // Check interval (in time steps)
-   int current_time_step;            // Current time step counter
-   double *rank_interp_times;        // Store interpolation times for each rank
-   int *heavy_ranks;                 // Store heavy rank numbers
-   int num_heavy_ranks;              // Number of heavy ranks
-
-   void init_load_balance(int nprocs);
-   void update_interp_time(int rank, double time);
-   bool check_and_rebalance(int nprocs, int lev,
-                           MyList<var> *OldList, MyList<var> *StateList,
-                           MyList<var> *FutureList, MyList<var> *tmList,
-                           int Symmetry, bool BB);
 };

 #endif /* CGH_H */
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/checkpoint.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/checkpoint.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <time.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "var.h"
 #include "MyList.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/diff_new.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/diff_new.f90
@@ -69,8 +69,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
-!DIR$ UNROLL PARTIAL(4)
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -153,6 +152,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -373,8 +375,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
-!DIR$ UNROLL PARTIAL(4)
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -473,6 +474,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -535,6 +537,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -598,6 +601,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -661,6 +665,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -723,6 +728,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -784,6 +790,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -870,6 +877,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1001,6 +1009,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1155,6 +1164,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1231,6 +1241,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1301,6 +1312,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1405,6 +1417,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1580,6 +1593,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1647,6 +1661,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1716,6 +1731,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1785,6 +1801,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1855,6 +1872,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -1923,6 +1941,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2015,6 +2034,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2131,6 +2151,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2216,6 +2237,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2292,6 +2314,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2410,6 +2433,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2597,6 +2621,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2669,6 +2694,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2744,6 +2770,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2819,6 +2846,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2899,6 +2927,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -2977,6 +3006,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3084,6 +3114,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3220,6 +3251,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3315,6 +3347,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3399,6 +3432,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3534,6 +3568,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3806,6 +3841,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3887,6 +3923,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -3971,6 +4008,7 @@
  
  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -4055,6 +4093,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -4157,6 +4196,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -4257,6 +4297,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/diff_new_sh.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/diff_new_sh.f90
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -262,6 +264,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -342,6 +345,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -443,6 +447,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -553,6 +558,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -627,6 +633,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -702,6 +709,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -777,6 +785,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -851,6 +860,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -924,6 +934,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1019,6 +1030,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1134,6 +1146,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1227,6 +1240,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1314,6 +1328,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1430,6 +1445,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1580,6 +1596,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1659,6 +1676,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1740,6 +1758,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1821,6 +1840,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1903,6 +1923,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1983,6 +2004,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2087,6 +2109,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2219,6 +2242,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2321,6 +2345,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2414,6 +2439,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2544,6 +2570,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2743,6 +2770,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2827,6 +2855,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -2914,6 +2943,7 @@

  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3001,6 +3031,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3093,6 +3124,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3183,6 +3215,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3302,6 +3335,7 @@
  fy = ZEO
  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3454,6 +3488,7 @@

  fx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3566,6 +3601,7 @@

  fy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3667,6 +3703,7 @@

  fz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -3814,6 +3851,7 @@
  fxz = ZEO
  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4098,6 +4136,7 @@

  fxx = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4191,6 +4230,7 @@

  fyy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4287,6 +4327,7 @@
  
  fzz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4383,6 +4424,7 @@

  fxy = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4497,6 +4539,7 @@

  fxz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4609,6 +4652,7 @@

  fyz = ZEO

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4679,6 +4723,7 @@ subroutine fderivs_shc(ex,f,fx,fy,fz,crho,sigma,R,SYM1,SYM2,SYM3,Symmetry,Lev,ss
 #if 0  
  integer :: i,j,k
  
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -4729,6 +4774,7 @@ subroutine fdderivs_shc(ex,f,fxx,fxy,fxz,fyy,fyz,fzz,crho,sigma,R,SYM1,SYM2,SYM3
 #if 0  
  integer :: i,j,k
  
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/enforce_algebra.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/enforce_algebra.f90
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@

 !~~~~~~>

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k,lgxx,lgyy,lgzz,ldetg,lgupxx,lgupxy,lgupxz,lgupyy,lgupyz,lgupzz,ltrA,lscale)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@

 !~~~~~~>

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k,lgxx,lgyy,lgzz,lscale,lgxy,lgxz,lgyz,lgupxx,lgupxy,lgupxz,lgupyy,lgupyz,lgupzz,ltrA)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/expansion.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/expansion.C
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "util_Table.h"
 #include "cctk.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/find_horizons.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/find_horizons.C
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "cctk.h"

--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/fmisc.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/fmisc.f90
@@ -883,17 +883,13 @@ subroutine symmetry_bd(ord,extc,func,funcc,SoA)

  integer::i

-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
  funcc(1:extc(1),1:extc(2),1:extc(3)) = func
-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
   do i=0,ord-1
      funcc(-i,1:extc(2),1:extc(3)) = funcc(i+1,1:extc(2),1:extc(3))*SoA(1)
   enddo
-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
   do i=0,ord-1
      funcc(:,-i,1:extc(3)) = funcc(:,i+1,1:extc(3))*SoA(2)
   enddo
-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
   do i=0,ord-1
      funcc(:,:,-i) = funcc(:,:,i+1)*SoA(3)
   enddo
@@ -1116,7 +1112,6 @@ end subroutine d2dump
 ! Lagrangian polynomial interpolation
 !------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-!DIR$ ATTRIBUTES FORCEINLINE :: polint
  subroutine polint(xa, ya, x, y, dy, ordn)
  implicit none

--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/kodiss.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/kodiss.f90
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                       dx^4

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=2
-!DIR$ SIMD VECTORLENGTHFOR(KNOWN_INTEGER=8)
-!DIR$ UNROLL PARTIAL(4)
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -161,6 +160,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_bd(3,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                                              dx^8

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=4
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -387,6 +388,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                                                              dx^10

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=5
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/kodiss_sh.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/kodiss_sh.f90
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                       dx^4

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=2
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                       dx^4

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=2
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -273,6 +275,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(2,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -369,6 +372,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(3,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -510,6 +514,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(3,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -598,6 +603,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(3,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -694,6 +700,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                                              dx^8

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=4
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -794,6 +801,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(4,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -903,6 +911,7 @@ real*8,intent(in) :: eps
 !                                                              dx^10

 !  note the sign (-1)^r-1, now r=5
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
@@ -1006,6 +1015,7 @@ integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM=0, EQ_SYMM=1, OCTANT=2

  call symmetry_stbd(5,ex,f,fh,SoA)

+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)
  do j=1,ex(2)
  do i=1,ex(1)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/lopsidediff.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/lopsidediff.f90
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ subroutine lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA)

 ! upper bound set ex-1 only for efficiency, 
 ! the loop body will set ex 0 also
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@ subroutine lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA)

 ! upper bound set ex-1 only for efficiency, 
 ! the loop body will set ex 0 also
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -487,201 +489,6 @@ subroutine lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA)

  end subroutine lopsided

-!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-! Combined advection (lopsided) + Kreiss-Oliger dissipation (kodis)
-! Shares the symmetry_bd buffer fh, eliminating one full-grid copy per call.
-! Mathematically identical to calling lopsided then kodis separately.
-!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-subroutine lopsided_kodis(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA,eps)
-  implicit none
-
-!~~~~~~> Input parameters:
-
-  integer, intent(in)  :: ex(1:3),Symmetry
-  real*8,  intent(in)  :: X(1:ex(1)),Y(1:ex(2)),Z(1:ex(3))
-  real*8,dimension(ex(1),ex(2),ex(3)),intent(in)   :: f,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz
-
-  real*8,dimension(ex(1),ex(2),ex(3)),intent(inout):: f_rhs
-  real*8,dimension(3),intent(in) ::SoA
-  real*8,intent(in) :: eps
-
-!~~~~~~> local variables:
-! note index -2,-1,0, so we have 3 extra points
-  real*8,dimension(-2:ex(1),-2:ex(2),-2:ex(3))   :: fh
-  integer :: imin,jmin,kmin,imax,jmax,kmax,i,j,k
-  real*8 :: dX,dY,dZ
-  real*8 :: d12dx,d12dy,d12dz,d2dx,d2dy,d2dz
-  real*8,  parameter :: ZEO=0.d0,ONE=1.d0, F3=3.d0
-  real*8,  parameter :: TWO=2.d0,F6=6.0d0,F18=1.8d1
-  real*8,  parameter :: F12=1.2d1, F10=1.d1,EIT=8.d0
-  integer, parameter :: NO_SYMM = 0, EQ_SYMM = 1, OCTANT = 2
-! kodis parameters
-  real*8, parameter :: SIX=6.d0,FIT=1.5d1,TWT=2.d1
-  real*8, parameter :: cof=6.4d1   ! 2^6
-
-  dX = X(2)-X(1)
-  dY = Y(2)-Y(1)
-  dZ = Z(2)-Z(1)
-
-  d12dx = ONE/F12/dX
-  d12dy = ONE/F12/dY
-  d12dz = ONE/F12/dZ
-
-  d2dx = ONE/TWO/dX
-  d2dy = ONE/TWO/dY
-  d2dz = ONE/TWO/dZ
-
-  imax = ex(1)
-  jmax = ex(2)
-  kmax = ex(3)
-
-  imin = 1
-  jmin = 1
-  kmin = 1
-  if(Symmetry > NO_SYMM .and. dabs(Z(1)) < dZ) kmin = -2
-  if(Symmetry > EQ_SYMM .and. dabs(X(1)) < dX) imin = -2
-  if(Symmetry > EQ_SYMM .and. dabs(Y(1)) < dY) jmin = -2
-
-! Single symmetry_bd call shared by both advection and dissipation
-  call symmetry_bd(3,ex,f,fh,SoA)
-
-! ---- Advection (lopsided) loop ----
-! upper bound set ex-1 only for efficiency, 
-! the loop body will set ex 0 also
-  do k=1,ex(3)-1
-  do j=1,ex(2)-1
-  do i=1,ex(1)-1
-! x direction   
-    if(Sfx(i,j,k) > ZEO)then
-      if(i+3 <= imax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(-F3*fh(i-1,j,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i+1,j,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i+2,j,k)+    fh(i+3,j,k))
-     elseif(i+2 <= imax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(fh(i-2,j,k)-EIT*fh(i-1,j,k)+EIT*fh(i+1,j,k)-fh(i+2,j,k))
-
-     elseif(i+1 <= imax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(-F3*fh(i+1,j,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i-1,j,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i-2,j,k)+    fh(i-3,j,k))
-     endif
-   elseif(Sfx(i,j,k) < ZEO)then
-      if(i-3 >= imin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(-F3*fh(i+1,j,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i-1,j,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i-2,j,k)+    fh(i-3,j,k))
-     elseif(i-2 >= imin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(fh(i-2,j,k)-EIT*fh(i-1,j,k)+EIT*fh(i+1,j,k)-fh(i+2,j,k))
-
-     elseif(i-1 >= imin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfx(i,j,k)*d12dx*(-F3*fh(i-1,j,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i+1,j,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i+2,j,k)+    fh(i+3,j,k))
-     endif
-   endif
-
-! y direction   
-    if(Sfy(i,j,k) > ZEO)then
-      if(j+3 <= jmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(-F3*fh(i,j-1,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j+1,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j+2,k)+    fh(i,j+3,k))
-     elseif(j+2 <= jmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(fh(i,j-2,k)-EIT*fh(i,j-1,k)+EIT*fh(i,j+1,k)-fh(i,j+2,k))
-
-     elseif(j+1 <= jmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(-F3*fh(i,j+1,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j-1,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j-2,k)+    fh(i,j-3,k))
-     endif
-   elseif(Sfy(i,j,k) < ZEO)then
-      if(j-3 >= jmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(-F3*fh(i,j+1,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j-1,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j-2,k)+    fh(i,j-3,k))
-     elseif(j-2 >= jmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(fh(i,j-2,k)-EIT*fh(i,j-1,k)+EIT*fh(i,j+1,k)-fh(i,j+2,k))
-
-     elseif(j-1 >= jmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfy(i,j,k)*d12dy*(-F3*fh(i,j-1,k)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j+1,k) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j+2,k)+    fh(i,j+3,k))
-     endif
-   endif
-
-! z direction   
-    if(Sfz(i,j,k) > ZEO)then
-      if(k+3 <= kmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(-F3*fh(i,j,k-1)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j,k+1) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j,k+2)+    fh(i,j,k+3))
-     elseif(k+2 <= kmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(fh(i,j,k-2)-EIT*fh(i,j,k-1)+EIT*fh(i,j,k+1)-fh(i,j,k+2))
-
-     elseif(k+1 <= kmax)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(-F3*fh(i,j,k+1)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j,k-1) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j,k-2)+    fh(i,j,k-3))
-     endif
-   elseif(Sfz(i,j,k) < ZEO)then
-      if(k-3 >= kmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)-                                                   &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(-F3*fh(i,j,k+1)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j,k-1) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j,k-2)+    fh(i,j,k-3))
-     elseif(k-2 >= kmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                           &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(fh(i,j,k-2)-EIT*fh(i,j,k-1)+EIT*fh(i,j,k+1)-fh(i,j,k+2))
-
-     elseif(k-1 >= kmin)then
-     f_rhs(i,j,k)=f_rhs(i,j,k)+                                                   &
-                  Sfz(i,j,k)*d12dz*(-F3*fh(i,j,k-1)-F10*fh(i,j,k)+F18*fh(i,j,k+1) &
-                                    -F6*fh(i,j,k+2)+    fh(i,j,k+3))
-     endif
-   endif
-  enddo
-  enddo
-  enddo
-
-! ---- Dissipation (kodis) loop ----
-  if(eps > ZEO) then
-  do k=1,ex(3)
-  do j=1,ex(2)
-  do i=1,ex(1)
-
-  if(i-3 >= imin .and. i+3 <= imax .and. &
-     j-3 >= jmin .and. j+3 <= jmax .and. &
-     k-3 >= kmin .and. k+3 <= kmax) then
-   f_rhs(i,j,k)       = f_rhs(i,j,k) + eps/cof *( (     &
-                              (fh(i-3,j,k)+fh(i+3,j,k)) - &
-                          SIX*(fh(i-2,j,k)+fh(i+2,j,k)) + &
-                          FIT*(fh(i-1,j,k)+fh(i+1,j,k)) - &
-                          TWT* fh(i,j,k)            )/dX + &
-                                                  (     &
-                              (fh(i,j-3,k)+fh(i,j+3,k)) - &
-                          SIX*(fh(i,j-2,k)+fh(i,j+2,k)) + &
-                          FIT*(fh(i,j-1,k)+fh(i,j+1,k)) - &
-                          TWT* fh(i,j,k)            )/dY + &
-                                                  (     &
-                              (fh(i,j,k-3)+fh(i,j,k+3)) - &
-                          SIX*(fh(i,j,k-2)+fh(i,j,k+2)) + &
-                          FIT*(fh(i,j,k-1)+fh(i,j,k+1)) - &
-                          TWT* fh(i,j,k)            )/dZ )
-  endif
-
-  enddo
-  enddo
-  enddo
-  endif
-
-  return
-
-  end subroutine lopsided_kodis
-
 #elif (ghost_width == 4)
 ! sixth order code
 ! Compute advection terms in right hand sides of field equations
@@ -753,6 +560,7 @@ subroutine lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA)

 ! upper bound set ex-1 only for efficiency, 
 ! the loop body will set ex 0 also
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
@@ -969,6 +777,7 @@ subroutine lopsided(ex,X,Y,Z,f,f_rhs,Sfx,Sfy,Sfz,Symmetry,SoA)

 ! upper bound set ex-1 only for efficiency, 
 ! the loop body will set ex 0 also
+  !$omp parallel do collapse(2) private(i,j,k)
  do k=1,ex(3)-1
  do j=1,ex(2)-1
  do i=1,ex(1)-1
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/makefile
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/makefile
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ misc.o : zbesh.o

 # projects
 ABE: $(C++FILES) $(F90FILES) $(F77FILES) $(AHFDOBJS)
-	$(CLINKER) $(CXXAPPFLAGS) -o $@ $(C++FILES) $(F90FILES) $(F77FILES) $(AHFDOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+	$(CLINKER) $(CXXAPPFLAGS) -qopenmp -o $@ $(C++FILES) $(F90FILES) $(F77FILES) $(AHFDOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
 	
 ABEGPU: $(C++FILES_GPU) $(F90FILES) $(F77FILES) $(AHFDOBJS) $(CUDAFILES)
 	$(CLINKER) $(CXXAPPFLAGS) -o $@ $(C++FILES_GPU) $(F90FILES) $(F77FILES) $(AHFDOBJS) $(CUDAFILES) $(LDLIBS)
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/makefile.inc
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/makefile.inc
@@ -6,25 +6,23 @@
 ## Intel oneAPI version with oneMKL (Optimized for performance)
 filein  = -I/usr/include/ -I${MKLROOT}/include

-## Using sequential MKL (OpenMP disabled for better single-threaded performance)
+## Using OpenMP-threaded MKL for parallel performance
 ## Added -lifcore for Intel Fortran runtime and -limf for Intel math library
-LDLIBS  = -L${MKLROOT}/lib -lmkl_intel_lp64 -lmkl_sequential -lmkl_core -lifcore -limf -lpthread -lm -ldl
+LDLIBS  = -L${MKLROOT}/lib -lmkl_intel_lp64 -lmkl_intel_thread -lmkl_core -liomp5 -lifcore -limf -lpthread -lm -ldl

 ## Aggressive optimization flags + PGO Phase 2 (profile-guided optimization)
 ## -fprofile-instr-use: use collected profile data to guide optimization decisions
 ##   (branch prediction, basic block layout, inlining, loop unrolling)
-PROFDATA     = ../../pgo_profile/default.profdata
-CXXAPPFLAGS  = -O3 -xHost -fp-model fast=2 -fma -ipo \
-               -fprofile-instr-use=$(PROFDATA) \
-               -Dfortran3 -Dnewc -I${MKLROOT}/include
-f90appflags  = -O3 -xHost -fp-model fast=2 -fma -ipo \
-               -fprofile-instr-use=$(PROFDATA) \
+PROFDATA     = /home/amss/AMSS-NCKU/pgo_profile/default.profdata
+CXXAPPFLAGS  = -O3 -march=native -fp-model fast=2 -fma -ipo -qopenmp \
+               -DMPI_STUB -Dfortran3 -Dnewc -I${MKLROOT}/include
+f90appflags  = -O3 -march=native -fp-model fast=2 -fma -ipo -qopenmp \
               -align array64byte -fpp -I${MKLROOT}/include
 f90          = ifx
 f77          = ifx
 CXX          = icpx
 CC           = icx
-CLINKER      = mpiicpx 
+CLINKER      = icpx

 Cu = nvcc
 CUDA_LIB_PATH = -L/usr/lib/cuda/lib64 -I/usr/include -I/usr/lib/cuda/include
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/misc.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/misc.C
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <string.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #endif
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "macrodef.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/misc.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/misc.h
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <complex.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 namespace misc
 {
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/monitor.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/monitor.h
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #endif
 #include <time.h>

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 class monitor
 {
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/mpi_stub.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/mpi_stub.h
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+#ifndef MPI_STUB_H
+#define MPI_STUB_H
+
+/*
+ * MPI Stub Header — single-process shim for AMSS-NCKU ABE solver.
+ * Provides all MPI types, constants, and functions used in the codebase
+ * as no-ops or trivial implementations for nprocs=1, myrank=0.
+ */
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <time.h>
+
+/* ── Types ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+typedef int MPI_Comm;
+typedef int MPI_Datatype;
+typedef int MPI_Op;
+typedef int MPI_Request;
+typedef int MPI_Group;
+
+typedef struct MPI_Status {
+    int MPI_SOURCE;
+    int MPI_TAG;
+    int MPI_ERROR;
+} MPI_Status;
+
+/* ── Constants ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+#define MPI_COMM_WORLD  0
+
+#define MPI_INT              1
+#define MPI_DOUBLE           2
+#define MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION 2
+#define MPI_DOUBLE_INT       3
+
+#define MPI_SUM    1
+#define MPI_MAX    2
+#define MPI_MAXLOC 3
+
+#define MPI_STATUS_IGNORE   ((MPI_Status *)0)
+#define MPI_STATUSES_IGNORE ((MPI_Status *)0)
+
+#define MPI_MAX_PROCESSOR_NAME 256
+
+/* ── Helper: sizeof for MPI_Datatype ──────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline size_t mpi_stub_sizeof(MPI_Datatype type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case MPI_INT:        return sizeof(int);
+        case MPI_DOUBLE:     return sizeof(double);
+        case MPI_DOUBLE_INT: return sizeof(double) + sizeof(int);
+        default:             return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/* ── Init / Finalize ──────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Init(int *, char ***) { return 0; }
+static inline int MPI_Finalize() { return 0; }
+
+/* ── Communicator queries ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_Comm, int *rank) { *rank = 0; return 0; }
+static inline int MPI_Comm_size(MPI_Comm, int *size) { *size = 1; return 0; }
+static inline int MPI_Comm_split(MPI_Comm comm, int, int, MPI_Comm *newcomm) {
+    *newcomm = comm;
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Comm_free(MPI_Comm *) { return 0; }
+
+/* ── Group operations ─────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Comm_group(MPI_Comm, MPI_Group *group) {
+    *group = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Group_translate_ranks(MPI_Group, int n,
+        const int *ranks1, MPI_Group, int *ranks2) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) ranks2[i] = ranks1[i];
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Group_free(MPI_Group *) { return 0; }
+
+/* ── Collective operations ────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Allreduce(const void *sendbuf, void *recvbuf,
+        int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, MPI_Op, MPI_Comm) {
+    std::memcpy(recvbuf, sendbuf, count * mpi_stub_sizeof(datatype));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int MPI_Iallreduce(const void *sendbuf, void *recvbuf,
+        int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, MPI_Op, MPI_Comm,
+        MPI_Request *request) {
+    std::memcpy(recvbuf, sendbuf, count * mpi_stub_sizeof(datatype));
+    *request = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int MPI_Bcast(void *, int, MPI_Datatype, int, MPI_Comm) {
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int MPI_Barrier(MPI_Comm) { return 0; }
+
+/* ── Point-to-point (never reached with nprocs=1) ─────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Send(const void *, int, MPI_Datatype, int, int, MPI_Comm) {
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Recv(void *, int, MPI_Datatype, int, int, MPI_Comm, MPI_Status *) {
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Isend(const void *, int, MPI_Datatype, int, int, MPI_Comm,
+        MPI_Request *req) {
+    *req = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+static inline int MPI_Irecv(void *, int, MPI_Datatype, int, int, MPI_Comm,
+        MPI_Request *req) {
+    *req = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ── Completion ───────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Wait(MPI_Request *, MPI_Status *) { return 0; }
+static inline int MPI_Waitall(int, MPI_Request *, MPI_Status *) { return 0; }
+
+/* ── Utility ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static inline int MPI_Abort(MPI_Comm, int error_code) {
+    std::fprintf(stderr, "MPI_Abort called with error code %d\n", error_code);
+    std::exit(error_code);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline double MPI_Wtime() {
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+    return (double)ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec * 1.0e-9;
+}
+
+static inline int MPI_Get_processor_name(char *name, int *resultlen) {
+    const char *stub_name = "localhost";
+    std::strcpy(name, stub_name);
+    *resultlen = (int)std::strlen(stub_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* MPI_STUB_H */
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/parameters.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/parameters.h
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <map.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 namespace parameters
 {
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/perf.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/perf.h
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 /* Real time */
 #define TimerSignal SIGALRM
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/rungekutta4_rout.f90
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/rungekutta4_rout.f90
@@ -109,23 +109,33 @@

  if( RK4 == 0 ) then

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 + HLF * dT * f_rhs
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  elseif(RK4 == 1 ) then

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f_rhs = f_rhs + TWO * f1
-
+   !$omp end parallel workshare
+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 + HLF * dT * f1
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  elseif(RK4 == 2 ) then

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f_rhs = f_rhs + TWO * f1
-
+   !$omp end parallel workshare
+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 +       dT * f1
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  elseif( RK4 == 3 ) then

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 +F1o6 * dT *(f1 + f_rhs)
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  else

@@ -215,11 +225,15 @@

  if( RK4 == 0 ) then

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 + dT * f_rhs
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  else

+   !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 + HLF * dT * (f1+f_rhs)
+   !$omp end parallel workshare

  endif

@@ -239,7 +253,9 @@
  real*8, dimension(ex(1),ex(2),ex(3)),intent(in) ::f_rhs
  real*8, dimension(ex(1),ex(2),ex(3)),intent(out) ::f1

+  !$omp parallel workshare
   f1 = f0 + dT * f_rhs
+  !$omp end parallel workshare

  return

--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/scalar_class.h
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/scalar_class.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "cgh.h"
 #include "ShellPatch.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/scalarwaves.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/scalarwaves.C
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "microdef.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/setup.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/setup.C
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 #include <math.h>
 #include <string.h>

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "util_Table.h"
 #include "cctk.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/surface_integral.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/surface_integral.C
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 #include <strstream>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <map>
-#include <vector>
-#include <algorithm>
 using namespace std;
 #else
 #include <iostream.h>
@@ -22,7 +20,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #include <map.h>
 #endif
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "cgh.h"
@@ -240,6 +242,9 @@ void surface_integral::surf_Wave(double rex, int lev, cgh *GH, var *Rpsi4, var *
  shellf = new double[n_tot * InList];

  GH->PatL[lev]->data->Interp_Points(DG_List, n_tot, pox, shellf, Symmetry, Nmin, Nmax);
+
+  //|~~~~~> Integrate the dot product of Dphi with the surface normal.
+
  double *RP_out, *IP_out;
  RP_out = new double[NN];
  IP_out = new double[NN];
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/testNull.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/testNull.C
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <math.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "macrodef.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/testNull2.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/testNull2.C
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <map.h>
 #endif

+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "misc.h"
 #include "macrodef.h"
--- a/AMSS_NCKU_source/var.C
+++ b/AMSS_NCKU_source/var.C
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@
 using namespace std;

 #include <time.h>
+#ifdef MPI_STUB
+#include "mpi_stub.h"
+#else
 #include <mpi.h>
+#endif

 #include "var.h"

--- a/makefile_and_run.py
+++ b/makefile_and_run.py
@@ -11,17 +11,30 @@
 import AMSS_NCKU_Input as input_data
 import subprocess
 import time
+import os
+
+## OpenMP configuration for threaded Fortran kernels
+## OMP_NUM_THREADS: set to number of physical cores (not hyperthreads)
+## OMP_PROC_BIND: bind threads to cores to avoid migration overhead
+## OMP_STACKSIZE: each thread needs stack space for fh arrays (~3.6MB)
+if "OMP_NUM_THREADS" not in os.environ:
+    os.environ["OMP_NUM_THREADS"] = "96"
+os.environ["OMP_STACKSIZE"] = "16M"
+os.environ["OMP_PROC_BIND"] = "close"
+os.environ["OMP_PLACES"] = "cores"
 ## CPU core binding configuration using taskset
 ## taskset ensures all child processes inherit the CPU affinity mask
 ## This forces make and all compiler processes to use only nohz_full cores (4-55, 60-111)
 ## Format: taskset -c 4-55,60-111 ensures processes only run on these cores
 #NUMACTL_CPU_BIND = "taskset -c 0-111"
-NUMACTL_CPU_BIND = "taskset -c 16-47,64-95"
+#NUMACTL_CPU_BIND = "taskset -c 16-47,64-95"
+#NUMACTL_CPU_BIND = "taskset -c 8-15"
+NUMACTL_CPU_BIND = ""

 ## Build parallelism configuration
 ## Use nohz_full cores (4-55, 60-111) for compilation: 52 + 52 = 104 cores
 ## Set make -j to utilize available cores for faster builds
-BUILD_JOBS = 96
+BUILD_JOBS = 16


 ##################################################################
@@ -117,27 +130,26 @@ def run_ABE():
    ## Define the command to run; cast other values to strings as needed

    if (input_data.GPU_Calculation == "no"):
-        mpi_command         = NUMACTL_CPU_BIND + " mpirun -np " + str(input_data.MPI_processes) + " ./ABE"
-        #mpi_command         = " mpirun -np " + str(input_data.MPI_processes) + " ./ABE"
-        mpi_command_outfile = "ABE_out.log"
+        run_command         = NUMACTL_CPU_BIND + " ./ABE"
+        run_command_outfile = "ABE_out.log"
    elif (input_data.GPU_Calculation == "yes"):
-        mpi_command         = NUMACTL_CPU_BIND + " mpirun -np " + str(input_data.MPI_processes) + " ./ABEGPU"
-        mpi_command_outfile = "ABEGPU_out.log"
+        run_command         = NUMACTL_CPU_BIND + " ./ABEGPU"
+        run_command_outfile = "ABEGPU_out.log"

-    ## Execute the MPI command and stream output
-    mpi_process = subprocess.Popen(mpi_command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True)
+    ## Execute the command and stream output
+    run_process = subprocess.Popen(run_command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True)

    ## Write ABE run output to file while printing to stdout
-    with open(mpi_command_outfile, 'w') as file0:  
+    with open(run_command_outfile, 'w') as file0:
        ## Read and print output lines; also write each line to file
-        for line in mpi_process.stdout:
+        for line in run_process.stdout:
            print(line, end='')  # stream output in real time
            file0.write(line)    # write the line to file
            file0.flush()        # flush to ensure each line is written immediately (optional)            
    file0.close()

    ## Wait for the process to finish
-    mpi_return_code = mpi_process.wait()
+    run_return_code = run_process.wait()
    
    print(                                           )
    print( " The ABE/ABEGPU simulation is finished " ) 
--- a/parallel_plot_helper.py
+++ b/parallel_plot_helper.py
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-import multiprocessing
-
-def run_plot_task(task):
-    """Execute a single plotting task.
-    
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    task : tuple
-        A tuple of (function, args_tuple) where function is a callable
-        plotting function and args_tuple contains its arguments.
-    """
-    func, args = task
-    return func(*args)
-
-
-def run_plot_tasks_parallel(plot_tasks):
-    """Execute a list of independent plotting tasks in parallel.
-
-    Uses the 'fork' context to create worker processes so that the main
-    script is NOT re-imported/re-executed in child processes.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    plot_tasks : list of tuples
-        Each element is (function, args_tuple).
-    """
-    ctx = multiprocessing.get_context('fork')
-    with ctx.Pool() as pool:
-        pool.map(run_plot_task, plot_tasks)
--- a/pgo_profile/default.profdata
+++ b/pgo_profile/default.profdata
--- a/pgo_profile/default.profdata.backup
+++ b/pgo_profile/default.profdata.backup
--- a/pgo_profile/default_15874826282416242821_0_58277.profraw
+++ b/pgo_profile/default_15874826282416242821_0_58277.profraw
--- a/plot_GW_strain_amplitude_xiaoqu.py
+++ b/plot_GW_strain_amplitude_xiaoqu.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@
 import numpy                               ## numpy for array operations
 import scipy                               ## scipy for interpolation and signal processing
 import math
-import matplotlib
-matplotlib.use('Agg')                      ## use non-interactive backend for multiprocessing safety
 import matplotlib.pyplot    as     plt     ## matplotlib for plotting
 import os                                  ## os for system/file operations

--- a/plot_binary_data.py
+++ b/plot_binary_data.py
@@ -8,23 +8,16 @@
 ##
 #################################################

-## Restrict OpenMP to one thread per process so that running
-## many workers in parallel does not create an O(workers * BLAS_threads)
-## thread explosion.  The variable MUST be set before numpy/scipy
-## are imported, because the BLAS library reads them only at load time.
-import os
-os.environ.setdefault("OMP_NUM_THREADS",        "1")
-
 import numpy
 import scipy
-import matplotlib
-matplotlib.use('Agg')                      ## use non-interactive backend for multiprocessing safety
 import matplotlib.pyplot    as     plt
 from   matplotlib.colors    import LogNorm
 from   mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
 ## import torch
 import AMSS_NCKU_Input      as input_data

+import os
+

 #########################################################################################

@@ -199,19 +192,3 @@ def get_data_xy( Rmin, Rmax, n, data0, time, figure_title, figure_outdir ):

 ####################################################################################

-
-####################################################################################
-## Allow this module to be run as a standalone script so that each
-## binary-data plot can be executed in a fresh subprocess whose BLAS
-## environment variables (set above) take effect before numpy loads.
-##
-## Usage:  python3 plot_binary_data.py <filename> <binary_outdir> <figure_outdir>
-####################################################################################
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import sys
-    if len(sys.argv) != 4:
-        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <filename> <binary_outdir> <figure_outdir>")
-        sys.exit(1)
-    plot_binary_data(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2], sys.argv[3])
-
--- a/plot_xiaoqu.py
+++ b/plot_xiaoqu.py
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 #################################################

 import numpy                               ## numpy for array operations
-import matplotlib
-matplotlib.use('Agg')                      ## use non-interactive backend for multiprocessing safety
 import matplotlib.pyplot    as     plt     ## matplotlib for plotting
 from   mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D  ## needed for 3D plots
 import glob
@@ -17,9 +15,6 @@ import os                                  ## operating system utilities

 import plot_binary_data
 import AMSS_NCKU_Input as input_data
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import multiprocessing

 # plt.rcParams['text.usetex'] = True  ## enable LaTeX fonts in plots

@@ -55,40 +50,10 @@ def generate_binary_data_plot( binary_outdir, figure_outdir ):
        file_list.append(x)
        print(x)

-    ## Plot each file in parallel using subprocesses.
-    ## Each subprocess is a fresh Python process where the BLAS thread-count
-    ## environment variables (set at the top of plot_binary_data.py) take
-    ## effect before numpy is imported.  This avoids the thread explosion
-    ## that occurs when multiprocessing.Pool with 'fork' context inherits
-    ## already-initialized multi-threaded BLAS from the parent.
-    script = os.path.join( os.path.dirname(__file__), "plot_binary_data.py" )
-    max_workers = min( multiprocessing.cpu_count(), len(file_list) ) if file_list else 0
-
-    running = []
-    failed  = []
+    ## Plot each file in the list
    for filename in file_list:
        print(filename)
-        proc = subprocess.Popen(
-            [sys.executable, script, filename, binary_outdir, figure_outdir],
-        )
-        running.append( (proc, filename) )
-        ## Keep at most max_workers subprocesses active at a time
-        if len(running) >= max_workers:
-            p, fn = running.pop(0)
-            p.wait()
-            if p.returncode != 0:
-                failed.append(fn)
-
-    ## Wait for all remaining subprocesses to finish
-    for p, fn in running:
-        p.wait()
-        if p.returncode != 0:
-            failed.append(fn)
-
-    if failed:
-        print( " WARNING: the following binary data plots failed:" )
-        for fn in failed:
-            print( "   ", fn )
+        plot_binary_data.plot_binary_data(filename, binary_outdir, figure_outdir)

    print(                        )
    print( " Binary Data Plot Has been Finished " )